Arduino is an open source hardware and software platform. The Arduino platform includes an open-source single-board microcontroller that forms the hardware part of the Arduino. In addition, the Arduino platform includes an Arduino IDE software designed for programming Arduino boards and a software bootloader that is loaded onto the microcontroller. The Arduino platform is designed to quickly and easily produce interactive hardware projects and build devices that interact with the environment, although Arduino boards also serve educational purposes.
Most Arduino boards, all of which are open source hardware, are designed based on Atmel’s AVR microcontroller and a few Arduino boards are designed based on Atmel’s ARM microcontrollers. For example, the Arduino UNO board, which is the most widely used Arduino board and Arduino base board in most Arduino training courses, and is based on the AVR ATmega328 microcontroller, has a USB interface for loading the program and communicating with the computer, 6 analog input pins, and 14 input pins/ It is the digital output that enables you to connect the Arduino board to other components, sensors, boards and modules.The number of analog and digital inputs and outputs in different models of Arduino boards is different according to the main microcontroller used on the board. Arduino can be used to design and build interactive devices quickly and easily. For example, suppose you would like to have a device that you can use your mobile phone to turn on and off the light in your room. Or would you like your room air conditioner to turn on when your room heats up and turn off automatically at night when the room temperature drops! These are interactive devices that Arduino helps to make quickly and painlessly. The Arduino board can receive input values from a large number of sensors and keys and…read and decide based on the program that is loaded in it and a specific output that can control a number of lamps, motors, etc. for you. Arduino was created in 2005 to provide a cheap and simple way to program interactive objects. Arduino comes with a simple integrated software development environment (IDE) that can be run on regular computers that allows C or C++ programming for Arduino.
Arduino can receive parameters such as ambient light, keys or even an email as input and after processing, provide outputs such as turning on an electrical device, changing the color of LEDs or sending an email or similar.
The Arduino platform includes open source software and hardware. Arduino hardware consists of various boards based on different microcontrollers, the most widely used Arduino hardware is Arduino UNO, which uses Atmega328 microcontroller and is used in many student projects, robotics and research projects.
Arduino Uno board
History
The idea of making Arduino was formed in 2003 at Iverea Interactive Design Institute in Italy. The idea was to build a simple and low-cost device for doing digital projects for students, especially those who are not familiar with the principles of engineering and programming. Three key people played a role in bringing this idea to fruition:
Hernando Barragan, Massimo Banzi, and Casey Reyes.
Baragan was one of the students of Iurea Institute who decided to write his master’s thesis in this field. Banzi and Reis were also the supervisors of Baragan’s thesis. Until then, there was still no name of Arduino. The result of Barragan’s thesis was very successful and led to the creation of hardware and software called Wiring. The wiring hardware had the desired features compared to other examples in the market at that time, that is, it was simple and inexpensive. The wiring software was also prepared based on one of the existing programming languages called Processing.
After completing the thesis, Banzi tried to reduce the cost of wiring hardware and in 2005, in collaboration with David Quartles and David Melis (who were employees and students of the Iurea Institute, respectively), he developed the wiring project and changed its name to Arduino. This new name was derived from the name of a cafe called Ardoin in the city of Ivorea, where most of the group’s meetings were held. The word Arduin is the name of one of the old princes of Italy who once ruled the city of Iverea and became the king of Italy in the 11th century.
Arduino software
Arduino has prepared a dedicated open source software for programming its boards, which is known as Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment). Arduino software can directly program your microcontroller without the need for a programmer. Features such as serial terminal are also included in the Arduino software so that you can troubleshoot the programs you write for the microcontroller through serial and USB communication. ADC values and pin status or any other information can be sent to the Arduino serial terminal and the information can be received from the microcontroller through the computer.
As mentioned earlier, the way of writing commands in this software is similar to programming in C and C++.
Arduino hardware
As mentioned above, Arduino consists of two parts, hardware and software. There are different models of Arduino hardware boards, one of them is the Uno model. Arduino UNO is one of the most widely used Arduino hardware models. In this board, an ATmega328P microcontroller is used as processor and memory. Arduino Uno model is one of the most common examples for Arduino training. The Arduino Uno hardware consists of the following four general parts (figure facing):
Microcontroller
Nutrition department
Computer communication section
Group ports
